- to justify possession of territory - to justify war - to gain status - to make people proud - to strengthen the power of the government or a religion - to legitimize the right to power - to create a connection between past successes and the actions/policies of current governments - to unite a people (see this in the U.S., where is no common ethnicity, religion, culture) - to honor soldiers or people who sacrificed their lives for others - to celebrate leaders, governments, military campaigns
- to commemorate (recall, show respect)
- to entertain
- for marketing
- for tourism
We also discussed examples of history being hidden, altered,
Do you know all of these words? Review those words for which
you cannot provide a short definition in English.
monarch
Protestantism
hereditary
administrative
legislative
territory
harbor
the Crown
nobility, burgher, clergy, peasants
absolutism
bicameral, unicameral
suffrage
*******************************
Offer a short definition/explanation (a couple of sentences
— in English!) of the following historical time periods or events. You want to
focus on the manner in which have discussed them. (Think about that you can use
the glossary in the book and material presented at the beginning of chapters/sections.)
Crusades
Renaissance
Martin Luther and the
Protestant Reformation
ScientificRevolution
Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution
*****************************************
1.
1a. What is meant by “the divine right of kings”?
1b. How does logical thinking conflict with the concept of
“the divine right of kings”?
2.
Over the past 1100 years, Swedes, as a people, have had at
least three different religions. What are they? (If you practice a religion
that is different from these, you can add that to the list.)
1.
2.
3.
3
What are the four parts (classes) of the Four Estates?
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
When do the Four Estates cease to exist in Sweden? And
what were they replaced by?
5.
During which century did Sweden expand her territory the
most (as a result of military conquests)? What do we call that time period
(in both Swedish and English)?
6.
With a development of democratic institutions, there is a
division between the bodies/groups that
-make the laws
-enforce the laws
-judge the laws
What does it matter that these three parts of government
are independent of one another? What can be the problem if the same people are
in charge of making the laws, enforcing the laws, and determining whether a
certain action is lawful?
Here are some tables that summarize material we’ve gone
through. You'll find other tables specifically connected to the 1500s and 1600s
in “w. 49.”
I encourage you to use them to help you organize your notes in a way that helps you make sense of the information and to see connections.
Time period
1500s
1600s
1700s
Age
of Freedom 1718–1772
Main topics
we discussed for this period
Information
about changes in Sweden introduced of carried out by Gustav I
1.Expansion
of territory
2.Literacy
3Absolutism
1.Change
in political power
2.
New parts of political power
3.Scientific
dev.
4.Cultural
dev.
Issues we
discussed that help explain the main topics
-Independence
(1521)
-Introduction
of Prot. Ref. (1527)
-Centralized
administration
-Hereditary
throne
-Four Estates
(Other
things we talked about:
-fighting
Christian II
-debts
-Bible
translated to Swed.
-suppression
of opp. (Nils Dacke)
1.Benefits
to Sweden
- natural resources
- military defense
- economic (duties or tariffs; trade)
[We can
consider issues of territory even in 19th and 20th c. – e.g., Finland and
Norway]
2. Kyrkolag (Sw. Church Law) + husförhör (household interview), 1686
-Ability
to read diff. types of texts
-relig. (1726 Conventicle Act)
- scien. (Newton – the world is not a
mystery; it can be explained)
- polit. (Locke – nat. rights; the role
of govt.)
3. King
has all pol. power; nobility lose power
1.
End of absolutism (which started in 1680 w/ Karl XI)
Monarch’s
power significantly decreased. Power of Four Estates increased significantly.
(Within the F.E., nobility has most power)
2.
-committees
-beginning
of “parties” – Hats and Caps (Hattar & Mössor)
(Freedom
of Press Act, 1766)
3
& 4 – see names below
Things going on outside of Sweden relevant to some or
all of these topics
the writings and teachings of M.L.
-wars; Thirty Years’ War
-trade
-Scientific Revolution
-Enlightenment – challenging authority
-other forms of Protestantism – challenging authority
-still Sci. Rev. or other scientific writings
-trade, exploration
-Enlightenment
-other forms of Protestantism
Time period
1772–1809
Main topics
we discussed for this period
Gustav III
1772–1792
-increased power of the
monarch, decreased power of the nobility
-dev. of cultural
institutions
- Opera
- Dramaten
- Sw. Acad.
-took Sweden into war with
Russia
Gustav IV Adolf
1792–1809
-believes in divine right
Russia invaded Finland - at
same time Sw. attacked by Den.
Sw. abandoned Finland.
-king had no support in
military – G IV A forced to step down
Things going on outside of Sweden relevant to some or
all of these topics
-absolutism in other European countries
-Académie Française/French Academy
-French drama and opera
-absolutism in other European countries
Time period
1809
1814 -->
19th and 20th centuries
Main topics
we discussed for this period
Jean-Baptiste
Bernadotte (Karl XIV Johan),
start of
new Swedish dynasty/line
1.vpolitical
devs.
2. econ.
devs.
3. sci.
and tech. devs.
4. social
devs.
Issues we
discussed that help explain the main topics
-new
constitution – clearly lays out balance of power btwn.
Riksdag/
Four Estates
Council
monarch
+ indep.
of courts.
-1814 Sw.
ends her last war
Norway
ceded to Sw. (by Denmark)
-start of
long-term peace for Sweden **
-As we
saw with Age of Freedom, when people are at peace, they can focus on other
things
-vaccines
(smallpox, cowpox)
-communication
(canals, railways)
1. Expansion of rights; change from Four
Estates to bicameral to unicameral Riksdag; limits on the power of the
monarch
2. Dev.
of companies; technology; industries; expansion of wealth
3. Industrial
and sci. devs.
4.
Cultural devs.; diff. movements; change in attitudes (goes together with
polit. devs.);
Things going on outside of Sweden relevant to some or
all of these topics
-Enlightenment
-American and French Revolutions
-medical advancements
-attraction of United States (freedom of relig., easy to get land)
-Napoleonic War
-Industrial, scientific developments
-pol. and social movements found abroad
-WWI and WWII
-industrialization
-
Here are the scientists and engineers of the 18th c. we looked at in class:
Carl von Linné Anders Celsius Emanuel Swedenborg Christopher Polhem Baltzar von Platen Carl Wilhelm Scheele Fredric Henric af Chapman
And here are the writers, artists, and other folks and things related to culture of the 18th c. that we looked at:
Carl Michael Bellman Johan Henric Kellgren Sofia Brenner Alexander Roslin Johan Tobias Sergel Carl Gustaf Tessin Dramaten Svensk Akademi Royal Opera
As I’ve noted in class, we are still working on covering a
number of different topics that we can think of as building blocks. You will
later be able to put together different information to create different
histories of Swedish development – focusing on politics, or economics, or
religion, or social issues.
Currently, you want to make sure you understand the various
topics that we’re covering. In order to be able to use information later, you
need to first have an understanding of them.
Gustav Eriksson/Gustav
I/ Gustav Vasa (all same person)
In 1521 he became Protector of the Realm/Riksföreståndare
1523 – elected king
1528 – crowned
I will regularly refer to “the Crown” – whereby I mean the
monarch/kingdom. At this point (by the end of Gustav’s reign), when there is a
strong king, the monarch and the kingdom are pretty much the same thing,
because few others have much power in comparison to the king.
things that Gustav I accomplished:
-pushed through the Protestant Reformation –
Lutheranism
-confiscated the greater part of the Catholic
Church’s estates and treasures; additionally all monasteries except Vadstena
were eventually transformed into the property of the Crown or part of Gustav’s
inheritance, which were pretty much the same thing
-suppressed all opposition
-organized a centralized government
-made the Riksdag (which at the time of Gustav consisted
of the Four Estates) a part of all future Swedish forms of government
-instituted a system of hereditary monarchy
Very briefly, here is what you’ll find laid out below:
1
2
3
4
5
Gustav comes to power – fought Christian II
-resulted in debt to Hansa League
Change from CC to Lutheranism
-started in 1527
-change in religious practice
-transferred $ from CC --> Swedish Crown
-solvency -->
military
centralized power
Centralized power
-chieftains in many areas
-Gustav gradually takes control over the regions
-taxes
-united Sweden
-defended Sw.
Succession of the throne
-Riksdag 1544
-helps create stability
-contributes to the mystery of the throne
Expansion of territory
-military + central authority allows Sweden to conquer
Sami, parts of Poland, Germany, Baltics, what was Danish
In 1520, Sweden was a part of the Kalmar Union – a union
with Denmark, Norway and Sweden (at this point Finland is part of Sweden.
Finland was part of Sweden from at least the 12th century until 1809
– when Sweden “lost” Finland to Russia).
Kalmar Union had begun in 1397.
In 1520, Christian II (the Tyrant), who was the king at the
head of the Kalmar Union, executed many of the Swedish nobility (including
Gustav’s father) who could be threats to his power. This is known at the
Stockholm Bloodbath.
Gustav Eriksson, who had not attended the coronation at which
the execution took place, then tried to get Swedes to rise up against Christian
II.
To fight Christian II, Gustav borrowed money from the Hansa
League
--> this led to a large debt
Introduction of the
Protestant Reformation in Sweden
In 1527, Gustav I got the approval from the Riksdag/Four
Estates to begin the process of changing the kingdom’s religion from
Catholicism to Lutheranism (Protestantism). Historians often say that Gustav “pushed”
through the Reformation in Sweden, because it wasn’t necessarily something most
people wanted.
Gustav’s reason for the adoption of Lutheranism was to get
to the CC’s property (land + objects) and the ability to keep Swedish money in
Sweden (not going to Rome). He will use this money to get out of debt.
Gustav will also place himself at the head of the Swedish
Church.
Centralization of
Power
Gustav I now has money. With this money, he can:
-get out of debt
-pay for a military
owith a military, he can put down/suppress
rebellions from inside Sweden.
§Because he is successful at keeping control, he
is able to centralizepower – taking away power from regional
leaders (hövdingar)
owith a military, he and future monarchs will be
able defend Sweden from outside threats as well as expand into/conquer new
territories
With the introduction of the Ref., Gustav was able to bring the
Sw. economic situation under control. He could then afford a military, which
could then protect from threats inside and outside the country.
Regarding threats inside the country. We noted that there
were uprisings such as those led by Nils Dacke in Småland. Thus, the threat of
violence against a rule was very real in the 1500s.
In the past, Swedish rule had often changed from family to
family as a result of violence (killing the king).
We looked at clip from “Arn” to illustrate how rapid power
could change. We watched from 1:32 until the end.
Gustav had taken power via violence (fighting Christian II).
He wanted to establish a legal path for his sons to inherit the throne. So in
1544 he once again gathered the Riksdag/Four Estates to ask for approval for a
new law that would establish that the throne would be passed on via
inheritance/blood.
He wanted there to be an acceptance of how power will be
passed on in Sweden. In doing so, he increased the power of his family, but he
also introduced greater stability in the kingdom. The process worked well when
there were children to inherit the title. But when monarchs had no children,
then there were snags – which we will see were very important to how Sweden
developed in the 18th c. (1700s).
Riksdag /The Four
Estates
The Four Estates are essentially four classes of Swedish
society.
nobility – adeln
clergy - präster
burghers – borgare
peasants - bönder
Some other kingdoms/states, such as France, also had similar
political bodies. But Sweden was special because even the peasants were
represented by their own estate. In France, there were only three estates. The
peasants have very little power at
this point. But they are there. There is a system that allows for them to be
considered in the larger political picture.
Gustav I’s use of Riksdag in 1527 for the introduction of
the Protestant Reformation and in 1544 to establish a hereditary monarchy helped
establish that Riksdag would be a part of all future forms of Swedish
government.
*****
De
fyra ståndenDe fyra stånden var Ridderskapet och adeln, Prästeståndet,
Borgarståndet och Bondeståndet. Från 1527 till 1866 bestod
riksdagen av representanter för dessa stånd. (Riksdag formally established the
4-Estate Parliament in 1617. But in practice it had existed since Gustav Vasa’s
time.) Tillsammans kallades de Riksens ständer, eller ständerna.
Varje
stånd sammanträdde för sig i sin egen lokal, men man behandlade samma frågor.
Adeln var mest talrikt representerad, ty där var varje ätt representerad av
ättens huvudman, eller en ställföreträdare för denne. Vid de inledande
voteringarna kunde upp till 1200 riksdagsmän delta, men vanligen
samlades mellan 400 och 500 ledamöter. Adeln var det ledande ståndet,
som först yttrade sig i frågorna.
Prästerna
var representerade av företrädare för varje stift. Biskoparna var självskrivna,
därutöver valdes några präster av de övriga prästerna i stiftet. I
prästeståndet deltog ungefär 50 riksdagsmän.
I
borgarståndet skulle varje stad vara representerad, vanligen av borgmästaren
eller någon annan i stadens styrelse, men även grosshandlare, handelsmän och
hantverkare valdes till riksdagsmän. I borgarståndet deltog omkring 100
ledamöter.
Bondeståndets
riksdagsmän valdes av bönderna i häradet, och ibland kunde flera härader gå
samman om en riksdagsman. I bondeståndet deltog omkring 130 ledamöter.
Vanligen var bondeståndets riksdagsmän nämndemän med vana att sammanträda och
fatta beslut om gemensamma angelägenheter. Några var läs- och skrivkunniga, men
det var inget krav för valbarhet.
*****
Expansion
of the kingdom
Through expansion, Sweden takes over land
-in the north
oin the past the biggest advantage was the
collection of taxes
oat the time of industrialization, there are
other advantages – I’ll add on more information here later
